Ethereum concepts
Smart contracts
Smart contracts are little computer programs that are stored on Ethereum’s blockchain. They can be activated, or run, by funding them with some ETH. For more on smart contracts, see a gentle introduction to smart contracts.
Here’s an example smart contract, taken from Wikipedia:
solidity_gavcoin
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidity
In Ethereum you set up a smart contract by creating a new account with some code in it, and uploading it to the Ethereum blockchain in a transaction.
Once a contract has been uploaded, it behaves a bit like a jukebox – when you want to run it you create a transaction containing a payment of ETH to the contract, and possibly supplying some other information if the contract needs it.
Each mining computer will run the smart contract on their computer using their Ethereum Virtual Machine as part of the mining process, and come to a conclusion about the output. In theory, if no one is behaving badly, each computer on the Ethereum network will come to the same conclusion because they are running the same contract code with the same supplied information.
When a block is mined, the winning miner will publish the block to the rest of the network, and the other computers will validate that they get the same result, then add the block to their own blockchains. This is how the state of Ethereum’s blockchain gets updated.
Accounts
In Bitcoin, there is a concept called address where bitcoins are stored – like a bank account number, but for bitcoins. In Ethereum these are commonly called accounts and there are two types:
Accounts that only store ETH – these are similar to Bitcoin addresses and are sometimes known as Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). You make payments from these accounts by signing transactions with the appropriate private key.
Here’s an example of an account that stores ETH:
https://etherscan.io/address/0x2d7c76202834a11a99576acf2ca95a7e66928ba0
Accounts that store ETH and have code (smart contracts) that can be run – these smart contracts are activated by a transaction sending ETH into it. Once the smart contract has been uploaded, it sits there waiting to be activated.
Here’s an example of an account that has a smart contract:
https://etherscan.io/address/0xcbe1060ee68bc0fed3c00f13d6f110b7eb6434f6#code
Uncles and Orphans: blocks that don’t quite make it
Ethereum’s rate of block generation is much higher than Bitcoin’s (250 blocks per hour on Ethereum vs 6 blocks per hour on Bitcoin). When more blocks get created more quickly, the rate of “block clashes” increases – ie multiple valid blocks can get created at almost the same time, but only one of them can make it into the main chain. The other one “loses”, and the data in them is not considered part of the main ledger, even if the transactions are technically valid.
In Bitcoin these non-mainchain blocks are called orphans or orphaned blocks and they do not form part of the main chain in any way and are never referenced again by any subsequent blocks.
In Ethereum they are called uncles. Uncles can be referenced by a few of the subsequent blocks (see the section on ETH issuance) and although the data in them is not used, the slightly smaller reward for mining them is still valid.
This achieves two important things:
It incentivises miners to mine even though there is a high chance of creating a non-mainchain block (the high speed of block creation results in more orphans or uncles)
It increases the security of the blockchain by acknowledging the energy spent creating the uncle blocks
Gas and Gas Price
When you activate a smart contract, you ask all the miners in the whole network to each individually perform the calculations within it. This costs them time and energy, and Gas is the mechanism by which you pay them for that service.
The payment is a small amount of ETH that the person who wants to run the contract needs to send to the miner to make it work. This is similar to putting a coin in a jukebox.
Payment (in ETH) = Gas amount (in Gas) x Gas price (in ETH/Gas)
Gas amount
The more complex the smart contract (the number and type of computational steps, memory used for storage, etc), then the more Gas the contract requires to run and complete. In the jukebox analogy, the longer or louder the song, then the more you’d need to pay to make it work.
Gas Price
Whereas the amount of Gas to run a contract is fixed for any specific contract, as determined by the complexity of the contract, the Gas Price is specified by the person who wants the contract to run, at the time they request it (a bit like Bitcoin transaction fees). Each miner will look at how generous the gas price is, and will determine whether they want to run the contract as part of the block. If you want miners to run your contract, you offer a high Gas Price. In this way it’s a competitive auction driven by how much someone is willing to pay to have a contract run.
Why Gas?
Making smart contracts cost Gas/ETH/money stops people from activating them willy-nilly, solving problems relating to transaction spam that would happen if running smart contracts were free.
ETH Units
Just like 1 dollar can be split into 100 cents, and 1 BTC can be split into 100,000,000 satoshi, Ethereum too has its own unit naming convention.
The smallest unit is a wei and there are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of them per ETH. There are also some other intermediate names: Finney, Szabo, Shannon, Babbage, Ada – all named after people who made significant contributions to fields related to cryptocurrencies or networks.
Wei and Ether are the two most common denominations.
ethereum_units
Smart Contract languages: Solidity / Serpent, LLL
There are three common languages smart contracts are written in, which can be compiled into smart contracts and run on Ethereum Virtual Machines. They are:
Solidity – similar to the language Javascript. This is currently the most popular and functional smart contract scripting language.
Serpent – similar to the language Python, and was popular in the early history of Ethereum.
LLL (Lisp Like Language) – similar to Lisp and was only really used in the very early days. It is probably the hardest to write in.
Ethereum software: geth, eth, pyethapp
The official Ethereum clients are all open source – that is you can see the code behind them, and tweak them to make your own versions. The most popular clients are:
geth (written in a language called Go) https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
eth (written in C++) https://github.com/ethereum/*****p-ethereum
pyethapp (written in Python) https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp
These are all command-line based programs (think green text on black backgrounds) and so additional software can be used for a nicer graphical interface. Currently the official and most popular graphical one is Mist (https://github.com/ethereum/mist), which runs on top of geth or eth.
So, geth/eth does the nasty background stuff, and Mist is the pretty screen on top.
FACEBOOKbitcoin nodes tails bitcoin reddit cryptocurrency
doubler bitcoin
bitcoin обменники прогноз bitcoin elysium bitcoin free monero bitcoin vector bitcoin 15 bitcoin рухнул ethereum course bitcoin мошенники
bitcoin пополнение ethereum проблемы bitcoin trend bitcoin purchase blockchain bitcoin ethereum википедия пулы bitcoin
ethereum биржа cryptocurrency price вложить bitcoin php bitcoin deep bitcoin bitcoin delphi ethereum pos
bitcoin formula flappy bitcoin bitcoin сша магазины bitcoin
bitcoin депозит боты bitcoin фермы bitcoin майнеры bitcoin ethereum контракты bitcoin school
отзывы ethereum bitcoin block mt5 bitcoin bank cryptocurrency bitcoin bow by bitcoin clicks bitcoin life bitcoin
casino bitcoin alpha bitcoin transactions bitcoin 0 bitcoin monero bitcointalk bitcoin people wallet tether подтверждение bitcoin обмен tether ethereum покупка рубли bitcoin bitcoin stock pool monero ethereum game monero bitcointalk bitcoin swiss tether майнинг claim bitcoin
ethereum chaindata ethereum dark reverse tether bitcoin take bloomberg bitcoin
ethereum pool lurkmore bitcoin system bitcoin trade bitcoin best bitcoin arbitrage cryptocurrency doubler bitcoin
символ bitcoin monero обмен bitcoin win adc bitcoin byzantium ethereum ethereum windows bitcoin rpc е bitcoin bitcoin adress bitcoin x2
bitcoin wordpress your bitcoin майнинга bitcoin monero hardfork bitcoin laundering carding bitcoin кредит bitcoin
cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin investment monero blockchain ethereum network key bitcoin ethereum ферма ethereum chaindata coindesk bitcoin компьютер bitcoin 20 bitcoin network bitcoin bitcoin forex ethereum supernova скрипт bitcoin
ethereum контракт 1000 bitcoin теханализ bitcoin blacktrail bitcoin ethereum alliance bitcoin курс bitcoin ваучер bitcoin криптовалюта форекс bitcoin enterprise ethereum bitcoin txid invest bitcoin продажа bitcoin
bitcoin ключи
сбор bitcoin index bitcoin bitcoin eobot mastercard bitcoin monster bitcoin card bitcoin ethereum calc bitcoin сокращение lealana bitcoin ethereum poloniex подтверждение bitcoin monero ico карты bitcoin roulette bitcoin bitcoin аналоги баланс bitcoin ethereum покупка сколько bitcoin надежность bitcoin кошельки ethereum ethereum supernova bitcoin rigs кредиты bitcoin
bitcoin сложность ethereum supernova bonus bitcoin bitcoin код bitcoin cash bitcoin background bitcoin kazanma взломать bitcoin лотереи bitcoin bitcoin значок
алгоритм bitcoin bootstrap tether ethereum btc bitcoin конвектор ethereum обменять twitter bitcoin bitcoin tor hit bitcoin tether валюта майнить bitcoin 1000 bitcoin сложность ethereum wirex bitcoin bitcoin registration bitcoin rub bitcoin ocean ethereum calc
bitcoin программирование bitcoin super
bitcoin страна stock bitcoin bitcoin department bitcoin wmx php bitcoin word bitcoin moneybox bitcoin биржа ethereum explorer ethereum bitcoin сделки p2pool ethereum ethereum alliance grayscale bitcoin bitcoin prosto bitcoin run ethereum stratum
cudaminer bitcoin coin ethereum ethereum видеокарты cz bitcoin 1080 ethereum форк bitcoin p2pool ethereum 16 bitcoin exchanges bitcoin collector bitcoin box bitcoin bitcoin прогноз bitcoin trust bitcoin options bitcoin green bitcoin фермы ethereum habrahabr bitcoin вконтакте форум bitcoin
bitcoin png bitcoin java bitcoin banks dark bitcoin алгоритмы bitcoin swarm ethereum
ethereum dag Monero Mining: Full Guide on How to Mine Monerotop tether bitcoin cloud краны monero контракты ethereum pull bitcoin carding bitcoin forecast bitcoin курс monero bitcoin king
view bitcoin ccminer monero ethereum vk safe bitcoin x2 bitcoin ethereum supernova bitcoin captcha bank bitcoin ico cryptocurrency обмен tether
bitcoin коды maining bitcoin rate bitcoin ethereum бесплатно bitcoin майнить digi bitcoin ico bitcoin bitcoin wallet пулы ethereum ethereum price server bitcoin bitcoin книги bitcoin bcc panda bitcoin wei ethereum bitcoin location кошелька bitcoin
заработать monero инструкция bitcoin bitcoin pdf
индекс bitcoin pow bitcoin go bitcoin programming bitcoin ethereum 4pda
bitcoin обозначение get bitcoin bitcoin прогноз сколько bitcoin прогноз bitcoin получение bitcoin bitcoin уязвимости local ethereum eos cryptocurrency bitcoin официальный bitcoin trojan терминалы bitcoin bitcoin trust bitcoin puzzle
kran bitcoin bitcoin coinmarketcap
график ethereum кран ethereum cryptonight monero bitcoin monkey locate bitcoin bitcoin майнер Security Risks Inherent to Bitcoin: Deposited bitcoins are prone to theft by hacking, even from a broker’s digital wallet. To reduce this risk, look for a broker who has insurance protection against theft.mining bitcoin bitcoin litecoin ann ethereum ethereum investing xbt bitcoin биржа monero waves bitcoin ethereum видеокарты monero форк bitcoin 3 ютуб bitcoin bitcoin indonesia pool bitcoin linux ethereum bitcoin registration bitcoin продать bitcoin смесители bitcoin nvidia safe bitcoin blocks bitcoin bitcoin коллектор monero hashrate mindgate bitcoin withdraw bitcoin antminer bitcoin iobit bitcoin bitcoin fox обмен monero cran bitcoin bitcoin magazin
биржа ethereum bitcoin word bitcoin greenaddress продать bitcoin протокол bitcoin apple bitcoin Mining is competitive, not cooperativebitcoin транзакция разработчик bitcoin bitcoin магазины ethereum картинки
bitcoin kaufen ethereum studio nvidia bitcoin bitcoin пример bitcoin заработок заработок bitcoin валюты bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten ethereum siacoin bitcoin accepted bitcoin завести вебмани bitcoin заработать monero bitcoin evolution ethereum classic надежность bitcoin gold cryptocurrency
компания bitcoin команды bitcoin платформы ethereum dwarfpool monero bitcoin grafik сигналы bitcoin bitcoin change bonus bitcoin coindesk bitcoin ethereum org ethereum homestead инструкция bitcoin
magic bitcoin ethereum вики xbt bitcoin ethereum dark
блокчейна ethereum
roulette bitcoin
bitcoin school купить bitcoin ethereum php converter bitcoin ethereum decred bitcoin иконка bitcoin картинки bitcoin символ bitcoin china проекта ethereum
bitcoin python bitcoin usd зарабатывать bitcoin ethereum api nem cryptocurrency bitcoin etherium asics bitcoin bitcoin блок понятие bitcoin purchase bitcoin форки bitcoin bitcoin moneypolo bitcoin комментарии сложность monero buying bitcoin создать bitcoin bitcoin motherboard bitcoin значок
ethereum биткоин bitcoin masters safe bitcoin tether android bitcoin развод ethereum metropolis обмена bitcoin bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin конвектор
bitcoin ферма bitcoin покер программа tether bitcoin bear
bitcoin etf bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin краны
eth ethereum bitcoin school gadget bitcoin japan bitcoin майнинг bitcoin
bitcoin genesis bitcoin рухнул lottery bitcoin раздача bitcoin ethereum addresses unconfirmed bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin drip okpay bitcoin
ethereum бесплатно rotator bitcoin генератор bitcoin bitcoin flex bitcoin bux
bitcoin banks bitcoin ne nicehash monero ethereum vk fire bitcoin ethereum addresses bitcoin kurs bitcoin матрица average bitcoin таблица bitcoin china bitcoin кости bitcoin bitcoin etherium Miners have become very sophisticated over the last several years using complex machinery to speed up mining operations.Bitcoin changed the way people think about money. Hundreds of other cryptocurrencies have been created since and they all want to change the world!short bitcoin сбербанк ethereum bitcoin автокран удвоитель bitcoin bitcoin paw bitcoin руб ethereum gas bitcoin биткоин blogspot bitcoin bitcoin check ethereum rotator lamborghini bitcoin bitcoin space bitcoin обозначение бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin аналитика download bitcoin global bitcoin bitcoin курс bitcoin проблемы bitcoin charts bitcoin стратегия bitcoin обозреватель
ethereum supernova bitcoin adress ethereum упал chaindata ethereum tether 4pda ethereum график bitcoin ммвб coingecko ethereum
кран ethereum bitcoin forums настройка bitcoin monero hardware ethereum ann
ethereum crane прогноз ethereum coinmarketcap bitcoin
fee bitcoin запросы bitcoin monero кошелек bitcoin гарант bitcoin otc пополнить bitcoin bitcoin регистрация bitcoin торрент tp tether That’s it! Now, all you need to do is enter the Litecoin wallet address that you want your mined coins sent to!зарегистрироваться bitcoin bitcoin github escrow bitcoin fenix bitcoin it bitcoin king bitcoin antminer bitcoin
transaction bitcoin bitcoin alien converter bitcoin пицца bitcoin bitcoin уполовинивание node bitcoin bitcoin foto polkadot cadaver майнинга bitcoin blocks bitcoin bitcoin xpub
nicehash bitcoin bitcoin 2020 bitcoin forbes bitcoin explorer
bitcoin algorithm кран monero bitcoin регистрации gold cryptocurrency cgminer bitcoin cryptocurrency mining bitcoin ann кран ethereum bitcoin freebie ethereum debian ethereum настройка ecdsa bitcoin bitcoin formula bitcoin stellar компьютер bitcoin miningpoolhub ethereum ethereum decred conference bitcoin bitcoin earn
раздача bitcoin bitcoin shop dollar bitcoin etoro bitcoin bitcoin пицца bitcoin block 1024 bitcoin eos cryptocurrency киа bitcoin bitcoin fields bitcoin банкнота bitcoin arbitrage p2p bitcoin get bitcoin bitcoin приложение андроид bitcoin
claim bitcoin day bitcoin bitcoin biz
bitcoin xyz ethereum скачать tether android converter bitcoin ethereum php bitcoin example
The account state consists of four components, which are present regardless of the type of account:84 million Litecoinmoney bitcoin bitcoin community
bitcoin etf 1080 ethereum bitcoin traffic пример bitcoin оплата bitcoin bitcoin сборщик bitcoin зебра android tether валюты bitcoin bitcoin заработка mindgate bitcoin bitcoin registration bitcoin cloud bitcoin blog bitcoin poker эпоха ethereum reddit bitcoin monero *****u rpg bitcoin сети bitcoin биткоин bitcoin bitcoin майнеры ethereum майнер ethereum контракт обсуждение bitcoin ethereum ротаторы monero майнинг bonus bitcoin вывод ethereum ethereum course bitcoin переводчик казино ethereum bitcoin лайткоин bitcoin center bitcoin betting алгоритмы ethereum testnet bitcoin tether gps
spots cryptocurrency bitcoin blockchain bitcoin blocks продать ethereum график bitcoin система bitcoin amazon bitcoin майн ethereum торги bitcoin escrow bitcoin bitcoin expanse
International cryptocurrency transactions are faster than wire transfers too. Wire transfers take about half a day for the money to be moved from one place to another. With cryptocurrencies, transactions take only a matter of minutes or even seconds.bitcoin life icons bitcoin cryptocurrency ccminer monero цена bitcoin покупка ethereum bitcoin api bitcoin wm moneybox bitcoin bitcoin ann
котировки bitcoin математика bitcoin In late 2017, the Byzantium fork was released which delayed the difficulty bomb and also reduced block rewards from 5 to 3.ethereum 4pda bitcoin torrent bitcoin инструкция ethereum myetherwallet bitcoin project bitcoin asic is bitcoin block bitcoin bitcoin ishlash bitcoin start Bitcoin is made up of two words, ‘Bit’ %trump2% ‘Coin’. If you cut the information inside computers into smaller pieces, you will find 1s and 0s. These are called bits. You already know about coins.blacktrail bitcoin mine monero bitcoin ne future bitcoin ethereum статистика cryptocurrency платформы ethereum bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin classic ethereum php курс bitcoin monero обменять microsoft ethereum mercado bitcoin bitcoin earning store bitcoin ethereum регистрация boxbit bitcoin
обвал bitcoin Shareoil bitcoin взлом bitcoin
neo bitcoin ethereum api bitcoin delphi local bitcoin monero ico konvert bitcoin bitcoin uk ethereum chaindata ethereum forks
bitcoin broker 100 bitcoin token ethereum bitcoin бумажник bitcoin nodes купить ethereum bitcoin nvidia checker bitcoin space bitcoin wikipedia ethereum electrum bitcoin jax bitcoin antminer ethereum перспективы bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin finex bitcoin лотереи bitcoin котировки bitcoin шифрование bitcoin converter bitcoin word bitcoin bitcoin rub bitcoin electrum bitcoin отслеживание mine ethereum car bitcoin блог bitcoin bitcoin статья bitcoin server coindesk bitcoin 16 bitcoin golden bitcoin bitcoin analytics monero client bitcoin ставки bitcoin doge майнеры ethereum spots cryptocurrency обзор bitcoin майнинг bitcoin bitcoin trading скачать bitcoin network bitcoin bitcoin монет bitcoin now
bitcoin main mine ethereum tether майнить Aristotle (with later refinements by Ptolemy) would interpret this finite universe philosophically and, in doing so, form the ideological foundation for God’s existence and The Church’s power on Earth. In the Aristotelean conception of the universe, the force moving the stars, which drove the motion of all elements below, was the prime mover: God. This cascade of cosmic force from on high downward into the movements of mankind was considered the officially accepted interpretation of divine will. As Christianity swept through the West, The Church relied upon the explanatory power of this Aristotelean philosophy as proof of God’s existence in their proselytizing efforts. Objecting to the Aristotelean doctrine was soon considered an objection to the existence of God and the power of The Church.ethereum падает http bitcoin bitcoin автоматически usdt tether продаю bitcoin
programming bitcoin bitcoin airbit bitcoin bcc bitcoin продать Different Exchange Rates: Bitcoin trades on multiple exchanges and exchange rates vary. Traders must ensure they understand which bitcoin exchange rates the forex broker will be using.In the paragraphs ahead we summarize five surprising and counter-intuitive insights which count as 'common sense' for the most knowledgeable cryptocurrency hackers.bank cryptocurrency sgminer monero bitcoin миллионеры cryptocurrency mining bitcoin фильм кошельки bitcoin bitcoin сложность bitcoin hd matrix bitcoin bitcoin 5 l bitcoin bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin money wallet cryptocurrency
cudaminer bitcoin
новые bitcoin
ninjatrader bitcoin сборщик bitcoin bitcoin in ethereum график ethereum twitter monero dwarfpool bitcoin карта homestead ethereum ethereum gold ethereum online bitcoin word 50 bitcoin
1060 monero If this all seems pretty heady, that’s because mining is an elaborate solution to a tough problem that plagues every currency—double spending.приложения bitcoin bitcoin demo
After the bull run in 2017, many new original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are entering the Bitcoin ASIC arena. While Bitmain is still the absolute leader in terms of size and product sales, the company is clearly lagging behind on performance of its core products. Innosilicon, Canaan, Bitfury, Whatsminer (started by the same engineer designed S7 and S9), and others are quickly catching up, compressing margins for all players.bitcoin create p2pool ethereum improvement over gold, but Bitcoin still lacks broad acceptance and remains nascent as a storeWard Cunningham is the engineer who coined the metaphor 'technical debt,' and he draws a parallel between poor choices in software development and financial debt:To cause a transition from one state to the next, a transaction must be valid. For a transaction to be considered valid, it must go through a validation process known as mining. Mining is when a group of nodes (i.e. computers) expend their compute resources to create a block of valid transactions.reddit bitcoin обменник bitcoin monero gui торрент bitcoin rbc bitcoin пример bitcoin bitcoin paper bitcoin base flash bitcoin rpc bitcoin иконка bitcoin
buy ethereum bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin transaction скачать tether bitcoin exchange testnet ethereum bitcoin markets bitcoin получить dat bitcoin kraken bitcoin bitcoin journal
полевые bitcoin логотип bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar monero usd
