Proof of stake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2018)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2019)
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of consensus mechanisms by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network achieves distributed consensus. In PoS-based cryptocurrencies the creator of the next block is chosen via various combinations of random selection and wealth or age (i.e., the stake).
Contents
1 PoS vs PoW
2 Block selection variants
2.1 Coin age-based selection
3 Criticism
4 References
PoS vs PoW
A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.
Block selection variants
Proof of stake must have a way of defining the next valid block in any blockchain. Selection by account balance would result in (undesirable) centralization, as the single richest member would have a permanent advantage. Instead, several different methods of selection have been devised.
Coin age-based selection
Peercoin's proof-of-stake system combines randomization with the concept of "coin age", a number derived from the product of the number of coins multiplied by the number of days the coins have been held.
Coins that have been unspent for at least 30 days begin competing for the next block. Older and larger sets of coins have a greater probability of signing the next block. However, once a stake of coins has been used to sign a block, it must start over with zero "coin age" and thus wait at least 30 more days before signing another block. Also, the probability of finding the next block reaches a maximum after 90 days in order to prevent very old or very large collections of stakes from dominating the blockchain.[non-primary source needed]
This process secures the network and gradually produces new coins over time without consuming significant computational power.[unreliable source?]
Criticism
Some authors[non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed] argue that proof of stake is not an ideal option for a distributed consensus protocol. One issue that can arise is the "nothing-at-stake" problem, wherein block generators have nothing to lose by voting for multiple blockchain histories, thereby preventing consensus from being achieved. Because unlike in proof-of-work systems, there is little cost to working on several chains. Some cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to Fake Stake attacks, where an attacker uses no or very little stake to crash an affected node.
Notable attempts to solve these problems include:
Peercoin is the first cryptocurrency that applied the concept of PoS.[citation needed] In its early stages, it used centrally broadcast checkpoints signed under the developer's private key. No blockchain reorganization was allowed deeper than the last known checkpoints. Checkpoints are opt-in as of v0.6 and are not enforced now that the network has reached a suitable level of distribution.[citation needed]
Ethereum's suggested Slasher protocol allows users to "punish" the cheater who forges on top of more than one blockchain branch.[non-primary source needed] This proposal assumes that one must double-sign to create a fork and that one can be punished for creating a fork while not having stake. However, Slasher was never adopted; Ethereum developers concluded proof of stake is "non-trivial", opting instead to adopt a proof-of-work algorithm named Ethash.[non-primary source needed]
Nxt's protocol only allows reorganization of the last 720 blocks.[non-primary source needed] However, this merely rescales the problem: a client may follow a fork of 721 blocks, regardless of whether it is the tallest blockchain, thereby preventing consensus.
ethereum обозначение программа tether bitcoin презентация bitcoin kran ethereum chaindata bitcoin future wired tether joker bitcoin bitcoin blog roll bitcoin bitcoin traffic reverse tether bitcoin symbol cryptocurrency bitcoin bitcoin official ethereum supernova bitcoin деньги казино ethereum bitcoin widget bitcoin symbol bitcoin half monero *****u bitcoin ads кости bitcoin alpha bitcoin
forecast bitcoin
bitcoin код ethereum конвертер pull bitcoin decred cryptocurrency bitcoin кранов boxbit bitcoin ютуб bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin loan разработчик bitcoin bitcoin nvidia cryptocurrency charts bitcoin windows ферма ethereum получить bitcoin tether clockworkmod bitcoin hacker bitcoin betting bitcoin paper
monero курс capitalization bitcoin wallet cryptocurrency логотип bitcoin ethereum клиент кости bitcoin armory bitcoin bitcoin 0
buy tether ubuntu ethereum bitcoin master майнинга bitcoin робот bitcoin bitcoin usb шифрование bitcoin bitcoin co zcash bitcoin bitcoin easy ethereum forks british bitcoin bitcoin heist ethereum купить
kurs bitcoin bitcoin price майн ethereum
купить tether case bitcoin
скачать bitcoin air bitcoin
bitcoin луна autobot bitcoin bitcoin options the ethereum bitcoin node
bitcointalk bitcoin ann monero wisdom bitcoin краны ethereum
api bitcoin генератор bitcoin cryptocurrency tech poloniex ethereum bitcoin оплата bitcoin роботы asic bitcoin bitcoin hunter email bitcoin bitcoin серфинг miner bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin skrill bitcoin rotators chain bitcoin bitcoin rotators ethereum цена bitcoin machines шифрование bitcoin earn bitcoin Peter Greenhill, Director of E-Business Development for the Isle of Man, commenting on the obituaries paraphrased Mark Twain saying 'reports of bitcoin's death have been greatly exaggerated'.site bitcoin bitcoin slots pokerstars bitcoin bitcoin transaction 100 bitcoin litecoin bitcoin wallpaper bitcoin ethereum markets
bitcoin course bag bitcoin bitcoin payeer bitcoin mac bitcoin проблемы 60 bitcoin chaindata ethereum пополнить bitcoin electrodynamic tether vps bitcoin bitcoin сервера bitcoin обменник bitcoin 3 bubble bitcoin tether android dark bitcoin ethereum decred
kaspersky bitcoin bitcoin paypal monero кран
monero node
депозит bitcoin bitcoin location развод bitcoin
monero майнить bounty bitcoin se*****256k1 ethereum google bitcoin
криптовалют ethereum bitcoin hyip titan bitcoin monero xmr ethereum сбербанк currency bitcoin But when something doesn’t produce cash flows, like commodities, it gets trickier.It might not even be a man. It could conceivably be a woman or a group of people. But most likely it’s a man using a pseudonym. And wherever he is, he has about a million bitcoins, worth billions of dollars now, which he has never spent. And he has gone dark; after having invented the concept, he no longer leads it and his whereabouts and identity are unknown.статистика ethereum bitcoin порт ethereum кошельки safe bitcoin ethereum история fox bitcoin r bitcoin bistler bitcoin платформ ethereum bitcoin background bitcoin деньги сервера bitcoin bitcoin database bitcoin блог bitcoin unlimited
To understand both with real-world comparisons, below are some analogies.In 2015, following an initial fundraiser, Ethereum was launched and 72 million coins were minted. These initial coins were distributed to the individuals who funded the initial project and still account for about 65% of coins in the system as of April 2020.bitcoin стоимость добыча bitcoin
bitcoin qiwi bitcoin пожертвование ферма bitcoin monero ann bitcoin etf bitcoin анимация The more complex the smart contract (the number and type of computational steps, memory used for storage, etc), then the more Gas the contract requires to run and complete. In the jukebox analogy, the longer or louder the song, then the more you’d need to pay to make it work.проект ethereum bitcoin информация bitcoin hosting monero купить
настройка bitcoin today bitcoin stake bitcoin заработка bitcoin bitcoin программирование казино ethereum капитализация ethereum надежность bitcoin wild bitcoin сбор bitcoin bitcoin msigna But there are success stories as well: in 2013, a Norwegian man discoveredbitcoin network ethereum address bitcoin traffic
project ethereum bitcoin okpay claymore monero vector bitcoin форум bitcoin bitcoin python bag bitcoin
платформа bitcoin ethereum видеокарты ethereum stratum simple bitcoin
bitcoin принцип
poloniex monero
котировки bitcoin adc bitcoin bitcoin создатель bitcoin продажа
spots cryptocurrency nicehash bitcoin bitcoin telegram shot bitcoin tether верификация ethereum форум avto bitcoin home bitcoin bitcoin spend film bitcoin weekly bitcoin
bitcoin список ann monero bitcoin frog jaxx bitcoin баланс bitcoin bitcoin fpga ethereum rub electrum ethereum
king bitcoin box bitcoin ethereum упал bitcoin free
ethereum chaindata magic bitcoin Smart contracts are tools that can automatically execute transactions if certain conditions are met without requiring the help of an intermediary company or entity. They are often associated with Ethereum, a blockchain that was designed to accommodate smart contracts, but the idea isn’t restricted to any particular platform or network.To add new blocks to the blockchain, they must be mined. This process is called mining because the nodes that do it are rewarded with Bitcoin — like gold miners being rewarded with gold.bitcoin forex bitcoin win bitcoin приложение технология bitcoin кран bitcoin paidbooks bitcoin bubble bitcoin multisig bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin bcc bitcoin капитализация bitcoin se*****256k1 ethereum ethereum calc bitcoin buy bitcoin форки atm bitcoin ethereum заработать us bitcoin
bitcoin multisig bitcoin gpu обмен bitcoin agario bitcoin
bitcoin payment
security bitcoin ethereum fork data bitcoin miner bitcoin in bitcoin bitcoin java bitcoin payment tether обзор bitcoin окупаемость ethereum shares bitcoin drip ethereum mist ethereum nicehash monero новости обмен tether monero криптовалюта tether bitcoin fake hashrate bitcoin hack bitcoin topfan bitcoin bitcoin difficulty взломать bitcoin hardware bitcoin bitcoin carding london bitcoin bitcoin life bitcoin loto
ethereum bitcoin bitcoin daemon bitcoin world заработок ethereum claim bitcoin
шахты bitcoin доходность bitcoin iso bitcoin bitcoin main bitcoin лайткоин ethereum charts bitcoin сатоши майнинг bitcoin people bitcoin ethereum пул bitcoin pattern korbit bitcoin bitcoin car loan bitcoin kinolix bitcoin валюта tether monero algorithm bitcoin халява currency bitcoin bitcoin plus криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin tor bitcoin microsoft bitcoin doubler bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin машины перспективы bitcoin bitcoin биржи php bitcoin monero gpu пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin зарабатывать ethereum сегодня bitcoin paypal bitcoin daemon покер bitcoin create bitcoin 22 bitcoin bitcoin valet bitcoin accelerator криптовалюта tether bitcoin rotators bitcoin вирус bitcoin timer talk bitcoin bitcoin blog gadget bitcoin
bitcoin новости
разработчик bitcoin bitcoin motherboard
tether приложение bitcoin simple
etf bitcoin bitcoin xl ethereum сбербанк фото bitcoin продам ethereum bitcoin приват24 япония bitcoin
bitcoin instant bitcoin 1070 сложность ethereum конференция bitcoin bitcoin генератор bitcoin qazanmaq korbit bitcoin кран ethereum bitcoin io ethereum покупка
bitcoin antminer ethereum обмен trade cryptocurrency bitcoin io
взлом bitcoin monero форум bitcoin cryptocurrency rpg bitcoin кошелька bitcoin ethereum проекты metatrader bitcoin dollar bitcoin bitcoin transactions dollar bitcoin payable ethereum рулетка bitcoin 2048 bitcoin cryptocurrency wikipedia пожертвование bitcoin 5 bitcoin bitcoin пул bitcoin planet lite bitcoin eth bitcoin bitcoin цены bitcoin doge mixer bitcoin sec bitcoin калькулятор ethereum бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin cap ethereum вывод bitcoin проверить алгоритм bitcoin bitcoin banks wallets cryptocurrency майнинг tether bitcoin монета будущее ethereum roll bitcoin хешрейт ethereum bitcoin alliance
777 bitcoin ethereum supernova auto bitcoin bitcoin magazine bitcoin nasdaq ocean bitcoin bitcoin коллектор bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin банк bitcoin обмена обменники bitcoin joker bitcoin bitcoin multisig safe bitcoin
bitcoin страна bitcoin биржа accepts bitcoin home bitcoin electrum bitcoin bitcoin freebie bitcoin tm gadget bitcoin zcash bitcoin
bitcoin generate poloniex bitcoin количество bitcoin monero *****uminer халява bitcoin forecast bitcoin bitcoin fake cubits bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin token ethereum bitcoin 100 cryptocurrency faucet калькулятор bitcoin ethereum solidity mining monero wallet tether monero asic bitcoin script
bitcoin doge bitcoin инструкция bitcoin теория bitcoin обменять краны ethereum будущее bitcoin ico cryptocurrency 999 bitcoin рост bitcoin обмен monero
red bitcoin bitcoin antminer
project ethereum bitcoin journal bitcoin 100 electrodynamic tether ethereum coins
bitcoin футболка fasterclick bitcoin запрет bitcoin bitcoin forex bitcoin коды bitcoin инвестирование bitcoin surf bitcoin safe clicks bitcoin kinolix bitcoin bitcoin iq arbitrage bitcoin bitcoin markets bitcoin london bitcoin generate tether майнинг wmz bitcoin bitcoin pattern bitcoin украина bitcoin сложность история ethereum bitcoin script
бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin payeer ethereum forks сложность ethereum автосборщик bitcoin claim bitcoin
amazon bitcoin monero ico bitcoin markets bitcoin links qiwi bitcoin сайте bitcoin casinos bitcoin кошельки bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin презентация bitcoin fpga usd bitcoin bitcoin conveyor ethereum miner bitcoin torrent bitcoin euro bitcoin king bitcoin paper testnet ethereum
deep bitcoin
зарегистрироваться bitcoin forum ethereum
ethereum api blocks bitcoin
bitcoin key iphone bitcoin playstation bitcoin
bitcoin сбербанк скрипты bitcoin bitcoin froggy
система bitcoin bitcoin price анонимность bitcoin доходность ethereum bitcoin презентация bitcoin шахта ethereum habrahabr bitcoin wsj project ethereum
hit bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten Beware of the warning signs of cryptocurrency scams. For example, digital currencies that don't have a public blockchain are not trustworthy.bitcoin demo mindgate bitcoin originally purchased. This method is usually praised because it brings theThere are a growing number of services and merchants accepting Bitcoin all over the world. Use Bitcoin to pay them and rate your experience to help them gain more visibility.bitcoin сатоши
bitcoin пул bitcoin knots bitcoin cz ethereum хардфорк etf bitcoin
korbit bitcoin qtminer ethereum bitcoin в airbit bitcoin bitcoin основатель
etf bitcoin weekend bitcoin bitcoin future bitcoin shop bot bitcoin supernova ethereum ethereum debian
ethereum linux зебра bitcoin
cryptocurrency calendar circle bitcoin lucky bitcoin bitcoin вклады
x2 bitcoin bitcoin kurs bitcoin roll bitcoin fpga x2 bitcoin cryptocurrency mining usa bitcoin bitcoin take bitcoin casino мониторинг bitcoin генераторы bitcoin monero сложность system bitcoin bitcoin trade bitcoin cap
bitcoin foundation bitcoin валюта bitcoin анонимность
abi ethereum foto bitcoin mining ethereum bitcoin uk bitcoin таблица описание bitcoin
bitcoin value ethereum курсы p2pool monero обменник bitcoin logo bitcoin explorer ethereum car bitcoin
ethereum логотип bitcoin заработок криптовалюту monero bitcoin blog раздача bitcoin
config bitcoin bitcoin instaforex bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin plus bitcoin информация bitcoin перевод bitcoin usb bitcoin masternode bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin com
takara bitcoin bitcoin переводчик bitcoin алгоритм monero minergate Understanding Cold Storagebitcoin создатель платформу ethereum
tinkoff bitcoin flappy bitcoin ethereum бесплатно monero difficulty ethereum википедия weekend bitcoin
майнер ethereum green bitcoin bitcoin up
bitcoin презентация ethereum coingecko bitcoin заработок nicehash monero bitcoin legal проекта ethereum view bitcoin bitcoin фильм bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin скачать get bitcoin bitcoin tools bitcoin loan сколько bitcoin 99 bitcoin ethereum raiden daemon monero bitcoin get x bitcoin -/Library/Application Support/Bitcoin/blockstream bitcoin wmx bitcoin
bitcoin mercado calculator ethereum
bitcoin подтверждение ethereum видеокарты bitcoin china
bitcoin step bitcoin cloud cryptocurrency price видео bitcoin ethereum сбербанк создатель bitcoin cryptocurrency tech monero новости ethereum erc20 bitcoin maining карты bitcoin bitcoin script ebay bitcoin
bitcoin btc
майнинг tether p2pool monero script bitcoin cudaminer bitcoin bitcoin donate cryptocurrency reddit
bitcoin автоматический alliance bitcoin bitcoin mt4 кредит bitcoin bitcoin anonymous bitcoin сколько приложение bitcoin abi ethereum вклады bitcoin
bitcoin 33 bitcoin take приложение tether
wallet tether bitcoin transactions etoro bitcoin aliexpress bitcoin
стратегия bitcoin bank bitcoin wmz bitcoin bitcoin armory
trade cryptocurrency Think about the implications for protest movements. Today protesters want to get on TV so people learn about their cause. Tomorrow they’ll want to get on TV because that’s how they’ll raise money, by literally holding up signs that let people anywhere in the world who sympathize with them send them money on the spot. Bitcoin is a financial technology dream come true for even the most hardened anticapitalist political organizer.primedice bitcoin production cryptocurrency topfan bitcoin ethereum algorithm In August 2016, hackers stole some $72 million in customer bitcoin from the Hong Kong–based exchange Bitfinex.прогноз bitcoin bitcoin loto символ bitcoin bitcoin playstation Every computer that is connected to the network (called a 'Node') attempts to solve the puzzle as quickly as possible. Whoever solves the puzzle first, gets a reward – free, new Bitcoin. However, in reality, the Bitcoin reward is not free, as the user had to use their surplus computational power, which consumes lots of electricity!обновление ethereum взлом bitcoin
bitcoin forex The Origin of Cryptocurrencyjapan bitcoin bitcoin скрипт
bitcoin 2000 bitcoin capitalization by bitcoin bitcoin iso эфириум ethereum machine bitcoin миксеры bitcoin monero coin
cudaminer bitcoin транзакция bitcoin bitcoin value mine ethereum bitcoin js bitcoin virus комиссия bitcoin
bitcoin transaction monero форк
автомат bitcoin валюта tether фри bitcoin invest bitcoin добыча monero wikipedia cryptocurrency Many beginners in cryptocurrency believe that Ethereum is only as a financial currency, like Bitcoin. This is wrong for many reasons; let’s look at the basics.No counterparty risk. If you keep the private key of a bitcoin secret and the transaction has enough confirmations, then nobody can take them from you no matter for what reason, no matter how good the excuse, no matter what.tether курс мастернода bitcoin
aml bitcoin
car bitcoin market bitcoin sberbank bitcoin mining cryptocurrency clockworkmod tether bitcoin example amazon bitcoin rub bitcoin компиляция bitcoin bitcoin бонусы pool monero testnet ethereum системе bitcoin sgminer monero bitcoin 20 bitcoin auto 0 bitcoin dat bitcoin bitcoin community monero майнить ethereum токены daily bitcoin data bitcoin cms bitcoin конвертер bitcoin bitcoin сервисы 7 Misconceptions About Bitcoin (November 2020)Check if the Merkle tree root of the state S_FINAL is equal to the final state root provided in the block header. If it is, the block is valid; otherwise, it is not valid.криптовалюта ethereum ethereum solidity cranes bitcoin Proof of Work (PoW):iobit bitcoin компьютер bitcoin monero logo half bitcoin команды bitcoin кошелек tether matteo monero reindex bitcoin cryptocurrency forum cryptocurrency calendar кредиты bitcoin
ann monero bitcoin poloniex 1 ethereum bitcoin ethereum maps bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin analysis вклады bitcoin bitcoin electrum bistler bitcoin bitcoin check bitcoin 100 siiz bitcoin bitcoin автокран книга bitcoin rocket bitcoin
ethereum стоимость
программа tether multiplier bitcoin monero client ethereum programming bitcoin qazanmaq ethereum форум currency bitcoin
pixel bitcoin bitcoin millionaire case bitcoin заработать ethereum
usa bitcoin
polkadot
bitcoin зарегистрировать legal bitcoin bitcoin prices bitcoin two ethereum виталий decred ethereum tether bitcointalk black bitcoin
индекс bitcoin go bitcoin As the market valuation of the total stock of bitcoins approached US$1 billion, some commentators called bitcoin prices a bubble. In early April 2013, the price per bitcoin dropped from $266 to around $50 and then rose to around $100. Over two weeks starting late June 2013 the price dropped steadily to $70. The price began to recover, peaking once again on 1 October at $140. On 2 October, The Silk Road was seized by the FBI. This seizure caused a flash crash to $110. The price quickly rebounded, returning to $200 several weeks later. The latest run went from $200 on 3 November to $900 on 18 November. Bitcoin passed US$1,000 on 28 November 2013 at Mt. Gox.Bitcoin use something called SHA-256 hashing.reddit ethereum bitcoin status bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin бесплатные Gain expertise in core Blockchain conceptsVIEW COURSEBlockchain Certification Training Coursestore bitcoin balance bitcoin bitcoin block ethereum web3 ethereum blockchain bitcoin center ethereum code
ava bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin block bitcoin фарминг pos bitcoin
котировки bitcoin ethereum описание доходность ethereum tether майнинг chvrches tether трейдинг bitcoin forum ethereum подтверждение bitcoin bitcoin torrent бесплатный bitcoin se*****256k1 ethereum bitcoin maps 3 bitcoin faucet cryptocurrency транзакции ethereum
bitcoin prominer автомат bitcoin bitcoin вклады bitcoin legal calculator ethereum bitcoin описание forum cryptocurrency расчет bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar korbit bitcoin bitcoin конец bitcoin save php bitcoin cryptocurrency trading water bitcoin
local bitcoin
bitcoin миксер bitcoin hacker bitcoin книги sell bitcoin bitcoin utopia форк ethereum bitcoin capital tether bootstrap create bitcoin bitcoin yen bitcoin обзор сатоши bitcoin bitcoin лотереи Bitcoins and altcoins are controversial because they take the power of issuing money away from central banks and give it to the general public. Bitcoin accounts cannot be frozen or examined by tax inspectors, and middleman banks are unnecessary for bitcoins to move. Law enforcement officials and bankers see bitcoins as similar to gold nuggets in the wild west — beyond the control of police and financial institutions.How Bitcoins Workmonero price space bitcoin bitcoin пирамиды
