Proof of stake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. (November 2018)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. (October 2019)
Proof of stake (PoS) is a type of consensus mechanisms by which a cryptocurrency blockchain network achieves distributed consensus. In PoS-based cryptocurrencies the creator of the next block is chosen via various combinations of random selection and wealth or age (i.e., the stake).
Contents
1 PoS vs PoW
2 Block selection variants
2.1 Coin age-based selection
3 Criticism
4 References
PoS vs PoW
A consensus mechanism can be structured in a number of ways. PoS and PoW (proof-of-work) are the two best known and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used. Incentives differ between the two systems of block generation. The algorithm of PoW-based cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin uses mining; that is, the solving of computationally intensive puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. The reward of solving the puzzles in the form of that cryptocurrency is the incentive to participate in the network. The PoW mechanism requires a vast amount of computing resources, which consume a significant amount of electricity. With PoS there is no need for 'hard Work'. Relative to the stake, the owner can participate in validating the next block and earn the incentive.
Block selection variants
Proof of stake must have a way of defining the next valid block in any blockchain. Selection by account balance would result in (undesirable) centralization, as the single richest member would have a permanent advantage. Instead, several different methods of selection have been devised.
Coin age-based selection
Peercoin's proof-of-stake system combines randomization with the concept of "coin age", a number derived from the product of the number of coins multiplied by the number of days the coins have been held.
Coins that have been unspent for at least 30 days begin competing for the next block. Older and larger sets of coins have a greater probability of signing the next block. However, once a stake of coins has been used to sign a block, it must start over with zero "coin age" and thus wait at least 30 more days before signing another block. Also, the probability of finding the next block reaches a maximum after 90 days in order to prevent very old or very large collections of stakes from dominating the blockchain.[non-primary source needed]
This process secures the network and gradually produces new coins over time without consuming significant computational power.[unreliable source?]
Criticism
Some authors[non-primary source needed][non-primary source needed] argue that proof of stake is not an ideal option for a distributed consensus protocol. One issue that can arise is the "nothing-at-stake" problem, wherein block generators have nothing to lose by voting for multiple blockchain histories, thereby preventing consensus from being achieved. Because unlike in proof-of-work systems, there is little cost to working on several chains. Some cryptocurrencies are vulnerable to Fake Stake attacks, where an attacker uses no or very little stake to crash an affected node.
Notable attempts to solve these problems include:
Peercoin is the first cryptocurrency that applied the concept of PoS.[citation needed] In its early stages, it used centrally broadcast checkpoints signed under the developer's private key. No blockchain reorganization was allowed deeper than the last known checkpoints. Checkpoints are opt-in as of v0.6 and are not enforced now that the network has reached a suitable level of distribution.[citation needed]
Ethereum's suggested Slasher protocol allows users to "punish" the cheater who forges on top of more than one blockchain branch.[non-primary source needed] This proposal assumes that one must double-sign to create a fork and that one can be punished for creating a fork while not having stake. However, Slasher was never adopted; Ethereum developers concluded proof of stake is "non-trivial", opting instead to adopt a proof-of-work algorithm named Ethash.[non-primary source needed]
Nxt's protocol only allows reorganization of the last 720 blocks.[non-primary source needed] However, this merely rescales the problem: a client may follow a fork of 721 blocks, regardless of whether it is the tallest blockchain, thereby preventing consensus.
The good news: No advanced math or computation is involved. You may have heard that miners are solving difficult mathematical problems—that's not exactly true. What they're actually doing is trying to be the first miner to come up with a 64-digit hexadecimal number (a 'hash') that is less than or equal to the target hash. It's basically guesswork.bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin bazar полевые bitcoin bitcoin checker index bitcoin stealer bitcoin bitcoin автосерфинг ethereum testnet ico ethereum flypool monero difficulty ethereum bitcoin flapper multiply bitcoin bitcoin вывести bitcoin 1070 coins bitcoin
bitcoin nedir
cryptocurrency logo bear bitcoin инвестирование bitcoin tether tools bitcoin вирус bitcoin кредиты ethereum blockchain fee bitcoin
bitcoin adder сеть ethereum банкомат bitcoin
bitcoin tm
bitcoin приложения testnet ethereum bitcoin registration ethereum addresses bitcoin генератор bitcoin count
Advantages of Cloud Miningpixel bitcoin
bitcoin analysis bitcoin explorer bitcoin purchase
ethereum markets monero пул ethereum crane майнить bitcoin time bitcoin bitcoin суть ethereum crane auction bitcoin форк bitcoin telegram bitcoin ethereum vk криптовалют ethereum bitcoin buying bitcoin автосерфинг ферма bitcoin q bitcoin blog bitcoin script bitcoin bear bitcoin clame bitcoin cryptocurrency exchanges bitcoin cms bitcoin компьютер бумажник bitcoin bitcoin price bitcoin 1070 bitcoin click bitcoin it bitcoin mail equihash bitcoin bitcoin server капитализация bitcoin почему bitcoin
bitcoin system bitcoin xapo bitcoin vpn bitcoin debian bitcoin india
bitcoin coingecko майнить bitcoin blitz bitcoin bitcoin capital iobit bitcoin анонимность bitcoin обзор bitcoin
Thus, it would be very nice if there were a protocol whereby unforgeably costly bits could be created online with minimal dependence on trusted third parties, and then securely stored, transferred, and assayed with similar minimal trust. Bit gold.bitcoin exchanges bitcoin nvidia робот bitcoin bitcoin vpn
bitcoin matrix fpga bitcoin
bitcoin favicon платформа bitcoin bitcoin игры click bitcoin взлом bitcoin sell bitcoin bitcoin россия
The condition set for the insurance policy is a delay of two hours or more. Based on the code, the smart contract holds AXA's money until that certain condition is met. The smart contract is submitted to the nodes on EMV (a runtime compiler to execute the smart contract code) for evaluation. All the nodes on the network executing the code must come to the same result. That result is recorded on the distributed ledger. If the flight is delayed in excess of two hours, the smart contract self-executes, and Rachel is compensated. Smart contracts are immutable; no one may alter the agreement.rbc bitcoin monero bitcoin динамика monero calc xpub bitcoin forum cryptocurrency
roll bitcoin bitcoin grant okpay bitcoin average bitcoin ethereum charts top cryptocurrency пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin double Have you ever wondered which crypto exchanges are the best for your trading goals?bitcoin datadir ethereum coin
bitcoin onecoin store bitcoin брокеры bitcoin андроид bitcoin
mine ethereum bitcoin mining bitcoin python
token bitcoin bitcoin utopia bitcoin компьютер капитализация ethereum erc20 ethereum
казино ethereum bitcoin переводчик bitcoin froggy bootstrap tether bitcoin spinner bitcoin usa se*****256k1 ethereum подтверждение bitcoin bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin prosto bitcoin torrent капитализация ethereum remix ethereum instaforex bitcoin ethereum клиент работа bitcoin bitcoin genesis ethereum асик ethereum forks fasterclick bitcoin взлом bitcoin
However, those that live somewhere where power is cheap will probably favor the Pangolin. Alternatively, if you were using one where the electricity is free, and you don’t live onsite, the Pangolin will represent the best choice of Bitcoin mining hardware. Is it Worth Mining Litecoin?ecdsa bitcoin Any node on the network that declares itself as a miner can attempt to create and validate a block. Lots of miners from around the world try to create and validate blocks at the same time. Each miner provides a mathematical 'proof' when submitting a block to the blockchain, and this proof acts as a guarantee: if the proof exists, the block must be valid.bitcoin создатель сбербанк ethereum nya bitcoin
bitcoin mine bitcoin kraken ethereum майнеры bitcoin server bitcoin king asic monero bitcoin продать создатель bitcoin account bitcoin криптовалют ethereum short bitcoin bitcoin laundering продам ethereum Right now, Bitcoin is worth worth $250 to $400 billion. That puts it in the ballpark of countries ranging from Israel to Malaysia in terms of broad money supply.логотип bitcoin
bitcoin fees In absence of a proper education, most assume that society just arbitrarily decided to make gold money, and that any other commodity would have worked roughly as well.cryptocurrency sgminer monero bitcoin вконтакте block bitcoin bitcoin create tether кошелек By using THIS LINK you'll get $10 in bitcoins after you buy $100 in Bitcoins. You can then convert your Bitcoins and bonus into Litecoins if you wish.simple bitcoin bitcoin mmgp free ethereum bitcoin tails сборщик bitcoin split bitcoin вики bitcoin bitcoin лопнет ethereum supernova hosting bitcoin bitcoin forbes forbot bitcoin bitcoin metatrader ethereum wallet 999 bitcoin bitcoin hub майнинг monero
платформы ethereum 5 bitcoin bitcoin buying
bitcoin history bitcoin обвал 1080 ethereum monero обменять bitcoin алгоритм rpc bitcoin
bitcoin links bitcoin school coffee bitcoin mt5 bitcoin bitcoin dynamics bitcoin golden продать bitcoin bitcoin matrix *****p ethereum ферма bitcoin coinbase ethereum cryptocurrency converter bitcoin direct bitcoin телефон bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin amazon bitcoin nasdaq forecast bitcoin монет bitcoin ethereum капитализация
кран bitcoin bitcoin auto bitcoin реклама bitcoin зарабатывать tether plugin настройка bitcoin ethereum claymore
bitcoin trade ninjatrader bitcoin ethereum forks asics bitcoin flappy bitcoin блок bitcoin bitcoin телефон bitcoin primedice bitcoin фирмы bitcoin de
bitcoin mmgp
bitcoin капитализация bitcoin lion bitcoin adress ethereum обмен bitcoin instaforex обменник bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон ethereum info bitcoin generation bus bitcoin improving Bitcoin's liquidity and utility as a monetary asset. Through successive bubbles, Bitcoinbitcoin inside часы bitcoin bitcoin zone monero gui bitcoin evolution Ethereum has an unusually long list of founders. Anthony Di Iorio wrote: 'Ethereum was founded by Vitalik Buterin, Myself, Charles Hoskinson, Mihai Alisie %trump2% Amir Chetrit (the initial 5) in December 2013. Joseph Lubin, Gavin Wood, %trump2% Jeffrey Wilcke were added in early 2014 as founders.' Formal development of the software began in early 2014 through a Swiss company, Ethereum Switzerland GmbH (EthSuisse). The basic idea of putting executable smart contracts in the blockchain needed to be specified before the software could be implemented. This work was done by Gavin Wood, then the chief technology officer, in the Ethereum Yellow Paper that specified the Ethereum Virtual Machine. Subsequently, a Swiss non-profit foundation, the Ethereum Foundation (Stiftung Ethereum), was created as well. Development was funded by an online public crowdsale from July to August 2014, with the participants buying the Ethereum value token (Ether) with another digital currency, Bitcoin. While there was early praise for the technical innovations of Ethereum, questions were also raised about its security and scalability.ethereum parity bitcoin matrix cryptocurrency tech tether android россия bitcoin delphi bitcoin разработчик bitcoin
сайты bitcoin bitcoin scripting bitcoin com ethereum programming check bitcoin ethereum статистика оборудование bitcoin bitcoin мастернода Both gold and bitcoin are rare resources. The halving of Bitcoin's mining reward ensures that all 21 million Bitcoin will be out in circulation by the year 2140. While we know that there is only 21 million bitcoin that exist, It is unknown when all the world's gold will be mined from the earth. There is also speculation that gold can be mined from asteroids, and there are even some companies looking to do this in the future.analysis bitcoin ethereum курс gas ethereum bitcoin майнить bitcoin 3 дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin php bitcoin darkcoin ethereum видеокарты bitcoin даром nodes bitcoin взлом bitcoin air bitcoin bitcoin партнерка теханализ bitcoin bitcoin суть check bitcoin bitcoin tm вывод ethereum bitcoin анимация калькулятор bitcoin разделение ethereum фарминг bitcoin Cryptocurrencies are a very popular investment for many people. But the popularity—and price—of Bitcoin may be a turnoff. But there are plenty of other virtual currencies that you can purchase and trade that may be easier in which to invest, notably Monero.bitcoin elena bitcoin пополнение
bitcoin mainer lightning bitcoin bitcoin ethereum биткоин bitcoin moneypolo bitcoin bitcoin etf bitcoin pro x bitcoin monero hardware json bitcoin bitcoin pdf bitcoin chart прогнозы bitcoin bitcoin icons
bitcoin exchanges bitcoin instagram bitcoin purse
coin bitcoin bitcoin escrow программа tether bitcoin laundering bitcoin earning monero logo bitcoin dark iota cryptocurrency криптовалюты bitcoin bitcoin 10000 tether пополнить
100 bitcoin bitcoin cz bitcoin map bitcoin играть bitcoin darkcoin bitcoin cap decred ethereum bitcoin farm инструкция bitcoin game bitcoin bitcoin payoneer bitcoin прогноз golden bitcoin cryptocurrency arbitrage bitcoin rpg порт bitcoin
freeman bitcoin monero продать
bitcoin rub bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin tor transaction bitcoin ethereum contracts bitcoin рейтинг fork bitcoin криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin 0 improvement over gold, but Bitcoin still lacks broad acceptance and remains nascent as a storebitcoin sphere вики bitcoin bitcoin algorithm puzzle bitcoin логотип bitcoin bitcoin транзакция bitcoin greenaddress ethereum форум top cryptocurrency cryptocurrency mining payeer bitcoin auto bitcoin bitcoin rotators price bitcoin bitcoin инвестирование difficulty ethereum carding bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость kraken bitcoin card bitcoin ethereum homestead bitcoin официальный bitcoin transactions
What is your idea?miner bitcoin bitcoin упал The genie is truly out of the bottle. And we are now right in the middle of a very grand experiment to see what that genie is capable of.анонимность bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin mac bitcoin bitcoin доходность bitcoin statistics bitcoin protocol bitcoin song bitcoin проверить bitcoin fasttech 1080 ethereum обсуждение bitcoin bitcoin testnet
alpha bitcoin roboforex bitcoin
киа bitcoin supernova ethereum куплю ethereum ethereum клиент заработок ethereum компьютер bitcoin dash cryptocurrency зарабатывать bitcoin download bitcoin solo bitcoin usdt tether bear bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin ethereum forum safe bitcoin As a result, merchants get faster confirmation times, while still having ability to wait for more confirmations when selling bigger ticket items.nanopool monero bitcoin вклады rpg bitcoin
equihash bitcoin bitcoin карты bitcoin форекс bitcoin сервисы ethereum алгоритмы bitcoin hardfork bitcoin land bank bitcoin the ethereum bitcoin grant blacktrail bitcoin token bitcoin заработок ethereum bitcoin explorer bitcoin casinos monero benchmark
ethereum регистрация сбор bitcoin
ethereum биржа bitcoin frog polkadot store bitcoin cap сайте bitcoin local ethereum bitcoin litecoin вывести bitcoin биржи monero bitcoin fpga bitcoin mt4 bitcoin monero dogecoin bitcoin
best bitcoin bitcoin украина bitcoin scripting solo bitcoin ethereum цена терминал bitcoin кран monero
bitcoin kran карты bitcoin bitcoin обналичить bitcoin pps hub bitcoin konverter bitcoin порт bitcoin bitcoin monkey bitcoin игры bitcoin прогноз new cryptocurrency q bitcoin bitcoin save
forbes bitcoin bitcoin github bitcoin pdf реклама bitcoin bio bitcoin тинькофф bitcoin bitcoin china cryptocurrency ico ethereum farm
nonce bitcoin linux ethereum обзор bitcoin bitcoin курс cryptocurrency calculator waves bitcoin cold bitcoin bitcoin парад hashrate ethereum
bitcoin game
bitcoin это bitcoin graph криптовалюта monero bitcoin multisig
ethereum бесплатно 22 bitcoin играть bitcoin bitcoin sphere bitcoin script bitcoin loan raiden ethereum bip bitcoin bitcoin trust ethereum zcash rx580 monero
plasma ethereum
bitcoin mail bitcoin investment ethereum torrent keystore ethereum bitcoin surf email bitcoin monero logo fast bitcoin bitcoin государство segwit bitcoin bitcoin рублях ethereum addresses sha256 bitcoin bitcoin продажа agario bitcoin bitcoin video bitcoin compromised ethereum вывод proxy bitcoin app bitcoin bitcoin office бонус bitcoin
tether комиссии monero blockchain настройка bitcoin monero minergate
bitcoin strategy amd bitcoin abi ethereum monero github bitcoin конвертер скрипты bitcoin казино ethereum шахта bitcoin
generation bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость добыча bitcoin opencart bitcoin
segwit2x bitcoin bitcoin банкнота партнерка bitcoin microsoft bitcoin bitcoin вход decred cryptocurrency ru bitcoin bitcoin nvidia сбор bitcoin оплатить bitcoin flypool monero
zebra bitcoin cryptocurrency charts loan bitcoin
bitcoin conf
краны bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон topfan bitcoin qiwi bitcoin earnings bitcoin bitcoin api bitcoin future пополнить bitcoin 600 bitcoin bitcoin video get bitcoin forum ethereum
get bitcoin demo bitcoin bitcoin simple bitcoin mmm bitcoin instagram equihash bitcoin платформы ethereum bitcoin server
cryptocurrency mining tether coin проекта ethereum таблица bitcoin bitcoin information btc bitcoin bitcoin airbit bitcoin word bitcoin pps redex bitcoin bitcoin plus KTSDESIGN/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Getty Imagesбонусы bitcoin bitcoin traffic q bitcoin bitcoin etf
ethereum swarm bitcoin графики bitcoin сегодня проекта ethereum earning bitcoin decred cryptocurrency token bitcoin ethereum contract bitcoin all
monero опционы bitcoin
bitcoin hyip полевые bitcoin
bitcoin регистрация bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin json bitcoin обналичить ethereum farm bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin 33 bitcoin venezuela сложность ethereum ethereum упал rigname ethereum
mercado bitcoin auction bitcoin bitcoin видеокарта Bitcoin signaled the emergence of a radically new form of digital money that operates outside the control of any government or corporation.портал bitcoin ethereum calculator rub bitcoin bitcoin dance bitcoin 2020 bitcoin cudaminer simple bitcoin protocol bitcoin
ethereum видеокарты bitcoin заработок ethereum serpent webmoney bitcoin amazon bitcoin bitcoin 99 The most interesting part to the blockchain is that no single person or authority has control over it. Instead, transactions are verified and confirmed by the online community, which makes it decentralized! The protocol has lots and lots of benefits such as transparency, speed and security, which I will explain in more detail later on.python bitcoin metal bitcoin bitcoin reserve
ethereum block бесплатно bitcoin кран ethereum принимаем bitcoin second bitcoin explorer ethereum tether clockworkmod sgminer monero decred cryptocurrency bitcoin database As you can see, Ether has been a good investment so far. It’s favored by a lot of investors and has huge support from the crypto industry because it is used by other developers to start new blockchain projects.Because bitcoin transactions are irreversible and there are many faucets, they have become targets for hackers interested in stealing bitcoins. Advertisements are the main income source of bitcoin faucets. Faucets try to get traffic from users by offering free bitcoin as an incentive. Some ad networks also pay directly in bitcoin. This means that faucets often have a low profit margin. Some faucets also make money by mining altcoin in the background, using the user's *****U.bitcoin кошелька bitcoin скрипт bitcoin продать blender bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры
bitcoin analytics direct bitcoin ethereum chaindata карты bitcoin луна bitcoin bitcoin основатель trade cryptocurrency ethereum логотип халява bitcoin ethereum eth service bitcoin теханализ bitcoin пул bitcoin кошелек ethereum bitcoin андроид ethereum кошелька gek monero tether android bitcoin machine шифрование bitcoin валюты bitcoin blacktrail bitcoin блокчейн ethereum проекты bitcoin avto bitcoin цена ethereum is bitcoin bitcoin capital кран ethereum инструмент bitcoin
ethereum eth 8 bitcoin bitcoin galaxy bitcoin рубли truffle ethereum блок bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin ethereum стоимость bitcoin tails dag ethereum rx470 monero ann monero
space bitcoin bitcoin количество blue bitcoin bitcoin database bitcoin стратегия
lootool bitcoin bitcoin monkey bitcoin kz проекта ethereum bounty bitcoin bitcoin торговля ethereum rotator bitcoin счет exchange bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin ethereum транзакции заработка bitcoin bitcoin оплата bitcoin aliexpress андроид bitcoin bitcoin футболка monero обменник birds bitcoin forbes bitcoin bitcoin income тинькофф bitcoin bitcoin cny mac bitcoin homestead ethereum
анонимность bitcoin bitcoin green xbt bitcoin bitcoin analytics bitcoin миксер 4000 bitcoin ethereum *****u connect bitcoin bitcoin download бесплатный bitcoin ethereum myetherwallet математика bitcoin bitcoin арбитраж buy tether bitcoin nyse bitcoin explorer bitcoin вклады генераторы bitcoin ethereum заработать ethereum classic monero github bitcoin elena кран bitcoin ethereum course bitcoin ebay bitcoin сервисы future bitcoin bitcoin nyse bitcoin aliexpress bitcoin форк инструкция bitcoin bitcoin purse bitcoin cc
bitcoin реклама bitcoin freebitcoin bitcoin протокол monero pro plus bitcoin алгоритм ethereum erc20 ethereum bitcoin greenaddress
cold bitcoin bitcoin status casino bitcoin ethereum casper icons bitcoin lucky bitcoin bitcoin half расшифровка bitcoin bitcoin trade mt5 bitcoin bitcoin майнеры all bitcoin bitcoin инвестирование bitcoin flapper blocks bitcoin bitcoin preev
ccminer monero bitcoin вклады хардфорк monero fox bitcoin bitcoin work bitcoin расшифровка
plus500 bitcoin котировки ethereum lightning bitcoin ethereum токены bitcoin bio bitcoin rt
ethereum википедия monero ann bitcoin hourly ethereum контракт bitcoin chart importprivkey bitcoin tether майнинг client ethereum ethereum сбербанк
